Learn · Field guide

A field guide to all of our single-note oils by what matters most: how they smell, how they blend, and the traditions they come from.

How to read an entry: each oil lists its scent, its note (top, middle, or base), the plant part it comes from, a few blending partners, and a line of heritage - cultural and historical tradition, shared for interest, not as health claims.

Angelica Root (Angelica archangelica)

Scent: Rich, earthy, musky, herbaceous with warm, peppery undertones

Note: BasePlant part: RootOrigin: EgyptPre-diluted in jojoba

Blends with: Bergamot, frankincense, patchouli, vetiver.

Heritage: Named for the angels in medieval European lore, angelica root has long lent its earthy depth to traditional herbal liqueurs and gin.

Good to know: Photosensitive - avoid sun for 12 hours after topical use.
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Basil (Ocimum basilicum)

Scent: Fresh, herbaceous, slightly spicy with sweet, green undertones

Note: Top-middlePlant part: LeafOrigin: Egypt

Blends with: Bergamot, lime, rosemary, geranium.

Heritage: Sweet basil - the bright, green, faintly spicy herb beloved in Mediterranean kitchens. (This is culinary sweet basil, not holy basil / tulsi.)

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Bay (Pimenta racemosa)

Scent: Warm, spicy, sweet, balsamic with fresh, clove-like undertones

Note: MiddlePlant part: LeafOrigin: Jamaica

Blends with: Bergamot, lime, clove, cedarwood.

Heritage: West Indian bay - the warm heart of the classic bay rum splash, a barbershop staple for generations.

Good to know: A skin irritant - dilute heavily and patch test. Not recommended during pregnancy or for children.
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Bergamot (Citrus bergamia)

Scent: Bright, fresh, citrusy with soft floral and warm herbaceous undertones

Note: TopPlant part: PeelOrigin: Italy

Blends with: Lavender, cedarwood, neroli, sandalwood.

Heritage: Grown along Italy's southern coast, its peel gives Earl Grey tea its signature flavor and helped define classic eau de cologne.

Good to know: Photosensitive (cold-pressed) - avoid sun for 12 hours after topical use.
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Birch Sweet (Betula lenta)

Scent: Fresh, minty, wintergreen-like with warm, sweet undertones

Note: Middle-basePlant part: BarkOrigin: Bulgaria

Blends with: Fir needle, pine needle, orange, peppermint.

Heritage: Sweet birch - the crisp wintergreen aroma behind old-fashioned birch beer.

Good to know: Very potent - dilute well and patch test. Not recommended during pregnancy or for children.
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Black Pepper (Piper nigrum)

Scent: Warm, dry, peppery, spicy with woody undertones

Note: MiddlePlant part: Fruit (peppercorns)Origin: India

Blends with: Ginger, frankincense, bergamot, sandalwood.

Heritage: The 'king of spices,' carried along ancient trade routes from India's Malabar Coast and once prized nearly as highly as gold.

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Carrot Seed (Daucus carota)

Scent: Warm, earthy, sweet, rooty with soft, woody, herbaceous undertones

Note: BasePlant part: SeedOrigin: France

Blends with: Lavender, geranium, frankincense, rose.

Heritage: From wild carrot - better known as Queen Anne's lace, the lacy white wildflower of meadows and roadsides.

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Cedarwood (Cedrus atlantica)

Scent: Warm, woody, dry with soft, balsamic, earthy undertones

Note: BasePlant part: WoodOrigin: Morocco

Blends with: Frankincense, cinnamon, orange, lavender.

Heritage: Atlas cedar, from the mountains of Morocco - a warm, woody staple of traditional perfumery and the scent of cedar-lined chests.

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Chamomile German (Matricaria recutita)

Scent: Sweet, warm, herbaceous with soft, hay-like undertones

Note: MiddlePlant part: FlowerOrigin: EgyptPre-diluted in jojoba

Blends with: Lavender, geranium, bergamot, rose.

Heritage: A beloved European garden herb whose flowers have been steeped as a gentle tea for centuries. Its oil is naturally a striking deep blue.

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Chamomile Roman (Anthemis nobilis)

Scent: Soft, sweet, warm, apple-like, herbaceous

Note: MiddlePlant part: FlowerOrigin: England

Blends with: Lavender, bergamot, geranium, mandarin.

Heritage: Once planted as fragrant lawns and garden paths in England, where each footstep released its sweet, apple-like scent.

Cinnamon Leaf (Cinnamomum zeylanicum)

Scent: Warm, sweet, richly spicy with clove-like undertones

Note: MiddlePlant part: LeafOrigin: Sri Lanka

Blends with: Orange, clove, ginger, fir.

Heritage: Ceylon cinnamon - a treasured spice-route aromatic, warm and festive, the scent of holiday baking.

Good to know: A potent skin irritant. Dilute well and patch test; lovely diffused.
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Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus)

Scent: Fresh, bright, lemony-grassy with clean, uplifting undertones

Note: TopPlant part: Grass/leafOrigin: China

Blends with: Lemongrass, lemon, eucalyptus, lime.

Heritage: A tropical grass of South and Southeast Asia whose bright scent has become the familiar backdrop of summer evenings outdoors.

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Clary Sage (Salvia sclarea)

Scent: Warm, herbaceous, nutty with sweet, softly floral, hay-like undertones

Note: MiddlePlant part: Flowering topsOrigin: France

Blends with: Bergamot, geranium, sandalwood, lavender.

Heritage: Long grown in southern France for fine perfumery; its name traces to the Latin clarus, 'clear.'

Good to know: Not recommended during pregnancy - consult a provider.
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Clove Bud (Eugenia caryophyllata)

Scent: Strong, spicy, warm with sweet, woody undertones

Note: Middle-basePlant part: BudOrigin: Indonesia

Blends with: Orange, cinnamon, ginger, pine.

Heritage: Prized along the ancient spice routes of the Maluku (Spice) Islands; its warm scent has perfumed homes and pomanders for centuries.

Good to know: Potent - dilute well and patch test.
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Coffee (Coffea arabica)

Scent: Rich, warm, roasted, deep coffee aroma

Note: BasePlant part: Roasted beanOrigin: Dominican RepublicPre-diluted in jojoba

Blends with: Vanilla, cedarwood, orange, cinnamon.

Heritage: A cherished daily ritual ever since coffee spread from the highlands of Ethiopia and Yemen to the rest of the world.

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Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens)

Scent: Fresh, woody, herbaceous with clean, evergreen undertones

Note: MiddlePlant part: Needles and twigsOrigin: Spain

Blends with: Cedarwood, juniper berry, pine needle, bergamot.

Heritage: The tall, slender evergreen of Mediterranean landscapes - sempervirens means 'evergreen' in Latin.

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Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)

Scent: Fresh, sharp, camphoraceous with clean herbaceous undertones

Note: TopPlant part: LeafOrigin: China

Blends with: Peppermint, pine, lemon, rosemary.

Heritage: Native to Australia and a classic spa and steam-room scent - bright, clean, and cooling.

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Eucalyptus Lemon (Eucalyptus citriodora)

Scent: Fresh, citrus, lemony with clean, camphorous undertones

Note: Top-middlePlant part: LeafOrigin: China

Blends with: Citronella, lemongrass, lavender, lemon.

Heritage: Lemon-scented gum, native to Australia - prized for the bright, lemony aroma of its leaves.

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Eucalyptus Radiata (Eucalyptus radiata)

Scent: Fresh, clean, camphorous with soft, sweet undertones

Note: TopPlant part: LeafOrigin: Australia

Blends with: Lemon, peppermint, pine needle, tea tree.

Heritage: Australia's narrow-leaved peppermint gum - the softer, sweeter cousin of classic eucalyptus.

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Fennel Sweet (Foeniculum vulgare)

Scent: Sweet, anise-like, herbaceous with warm, spicy undertones

Note: Middle-basePlant part: SeedOrigin: Spain

Blends with: Lavender, geranium, grapefruit, orange.

Heritage: An ancient Mediterranean kitchen herb - marathon, the Greek word for fennel, gave its name to the famous battlefield where it grew.

Good to know: Not recommended during pregnancy - consult a provider.
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Fir Needle (Abies alba)

Scent: Fresh, clean, coniferous, green, and forest-like

Note: MiddlePlant part: NeedleOrigin: Austria

Blends with: Pine needle, cedarwood, orange, lemon.

Heritage: Silver fir - native to the mountain forests of central Europe; evergreen boughs have marked winter celebrations for generations.

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Frankincense (Boswellia neglecta)

Scent: Warm, resinous, balsamic with sweet, woody, incense-like undertones

Note: BasePlant part: ResinOrigin: Kenya

Blends with: Myrrh, orange, cedarwood, lavender.

Heritage: Boswellia resin has been burned as sacred incense across the ancient world, prized in temple and meditative ritual for its warm, resinous smoke.

Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens)

Scent: Sweet, rosy, floral with fresh, green undertones

Note: MiddlePlant part: Leaves and flowersOrigin: Egypt

Blends with: Lavender, rose, sandalwood, bergamot.

Heritage: Rose geranium - a perfumer's staple since the 1800s, valued for its rose-like scent.

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Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Scent: Warm, spicy, fresh-rooty with sweet, woody undertones

Note: MiddlePlant part: RootOrigin: China

Blends with: Orange, cinnamon, clove, lemon.

Heritage: A warming spice at the heart of Asian and Ayurvedic culinary tradition.

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Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi)

Scent: Fresh, tangy, citrusy with sweet, bright undertones

Note: TopPlant part: PeelOrigin: South Africa

Blends with: Orange, lime, mint, rosemary.

Heritage: A brighter, more modern citrus - an 18th-century Caribbean cross - cheerful and clean.

Good to know: Photosensitive (cold-pressed) - avoid sun for 12 hours after topical use.
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Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)

Scent: Fresh, herbaceous, camphorous with sweet, spicy undertones

Note: Middle-basePlant part: Leaves and flowersOrigin: France

Blends with: Lavender, rosemary, eucalyptus, frankincense.

Heritage: An aromatic herb of old monastery gardens, long used to flavor traditional European herbal liqueurs.

Good to know: Potent - use sparingly and dilute well. Not recommended during pregnancy or for children.
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Immortelle (Helichrysum italicum)

Scent: Warm, honeyed, herbaceous with sweet, tea-like undertones

Note: MiddlePlant part: FlowerOrigin: ItalyPre-diluted in jojoba

Blends with: Lavender, geranium, bergamot, frankincense.

Heritage: The 'everlasting' flower of Mediterranean hillsides, named because its golden blooms keep their color long after picking.

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Jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum)

Scent: Rich, honey-sweet, exotically floral with warm undertones

Note: Middle-basePlant part: Flower petalsOrigin: IndiaPre-diluted in jojoba

Blends with: Rose, sandalwood, ylang ylang, neroli.

Heritage: Called the 'king of flowers' in perfumery, its blossoms are hand-picked at night when their scent is richest.

Good to know: Very strong even pre-diluted - a touch or two is plenty.
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Juniper Berry (Juniperus communis)

Scent: Fresh, woody, slightly fruity with clean, crisp undertones

Note: MiddlePlant part: BerryOrigin: India

Blends with: Cypress, cedarwood, grapefruit, lemon.

Heritage: The berry that gives gin its signature flavor, and a fixture of old European hillsides and hedgerows.

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Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)

Scent: Subtle, sweet, fresh floral with herbaceous undertones

Note: MiddlePlant part: FlowerOrigin: France

Blends with: Nearly everything - cedarwood, citrus, frankincense, mint.

Heritage: Treasured since antiquity - the Romans scented their baths with it, from the Latin lavare, 'to wash.'

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Lavender Vera (Lavandula vera)

Scent: Sweet, floral, herbaceous - a classic lavender, slightly brighter than our French

Note: MiddlePlant part: FlowerOrigin: Bulgaria

Blends with: Bergamot, cedarwood, geranium, orange.

Heritage: True lavender from Bulgaria, today one of the world's leading lavender growers.

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Lemon (Citrus limon)

Scent: Bright, fresh, clean, citrusy with sweet undertones

Note: TopPlant part: PeelOrigin: Spain

Blends with: Lavender, rosemary, eucalyptus, other citrus.

Heritage: A sunny kitchen and household classic, bright and familiar.

Good to know: Photosensitive (cold-pressed) - avoid sun for 12 hours after topical use.
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Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)

Scent: Fresh, lemony, grassy with earthy, herbal undertones

Note: Top-middlePlant part: LeafOrigin: India

Blends with: Citronella, eucalyptus, geranium, lime.

Heritage: A staple of Thai, Vietnamese, and Indian kitchens - bright, grassy, and unmistakably lemony.

Good to know: Can irritate sensitive skin - dilute well and patch test.
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Lime (Citrus aurantifolia)

Scent: Bright, zesty, citrus with fresh, tangy undertones

Note: TopPlant part: PeelOrigin: Peru

Blends with: Orange, grapefruit, mint, ginger.

Heritage: A lively tropical citrus, crisp and sparkling.

Good to know: Steam-distilled - unlike cold-pressed lime, it is not phototoxic. Still, patch test before topical use.
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Linden Blossom (Tilia cordata)

Scent: Soft, sweet, honeyed floral with fresh, green undertones

Note: MiddlePlant part: BlossomOrigin: FrancePre-diluted in jojoba

Blends with: Bergamot, rose, lavender, mandarin.

Heritage: Linden trees line old European boulevards, and their honey-sweet summer blossoms are a classic of European folk tradition.

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Mandarin (Citrus reticulata)

Scent: Sweet, fresh citrus with soft, delicate undertones

Note: TopPlant part: PeelOrigin: Italy

Blends with: Lavender, chamomile, neroli, ylang ylang.

Heritage: Mandarin oranges are a traditional gift of good fortune at Lunar New Year - the gentlest, most rounded of the citrus.

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Marjoram (Origanum majorana)

Scent: Warm, herbaceous, softly spicy with sweet, woody undertones

Note: MiddlePlant part: Leaves and flowering topsOrigin: Egypt

Blends with: Lavender, cedarwood, rosemary, bergamot.

Heritage: In ancient Greece, sweet marjoram was a symbol of happiness, woven into the crowns worn by newlyweds.

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Maychang (Litsea cubeba)

Scent: Fresh, lemony, fruity with uplifting citrus notes

Note: TopPlant part: FruitOrigin: China

Blends with: Bergamot, cedarwood, grapefruit, ginger.

Heritage: From the small, peppery fruit of the litsea tree, native to the hills of southern China and Southeast Asia.

Good to know: Can irritate sensitive skin - dilute well and patch test.
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Melissa (Melissa officinalis)

Scent: Bright, fresh, lemony-herbaceous with soft, honey-sweet undertones

Note: MiddlePlant part: LeafOrigin: EnglandPre-diluted in jojoba

Blends with: Lavender, bergamot, geranium, rose.

Heritage: Lemon balm - its name comes from the Greek for 'honeybee,' and it has been a bee-garden favorite since antiquity.

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Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha)

Scent: Warm, earthy, balsamic with smoky, resinous, incense-like undertones

Note: BasePlant part: ResinOrigin: Kenya

Blends with: Frankincense, cedarwood, orange, patchouli.

Heritage: One of the oldest known aromatics, traded and burned alongside frankincense in ancient ritual.

Good to know: Not recommended during pregnancy - consult a provider.

Myrtle (Myrtus communis)

Scent: Fresh, clean, herbaceous with sweet, camphorous undertones

Note: MiddlePlant part: Leaf

Blends with: Eucalyptus, lavender, pine needle, tea tree.

Heritage: Sacred to Aphrodite in Greek myth and a traditional sprig in European bridal bouquets.

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Neroli (Citrus aurantium)

Scent: Bittersweet, floral-citrus with soft, honeyed undertones

Note: MiddlePlant part: BlossomOrigin: TunisiaPre-diluted in jojoba

Blends with: Bergamot, jasmine, rose, sandalwood.

Heritage: Named, by legend, for a 17th-century princess of Nerola, Italy, who scented her gloves and baths with orange blossom.

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Niaouli (Melaleuca viridiflora)

Scent: Fresh, clean with sweet, camphorous undertones

Note: Top-middlePlant part: Leaf

Blends with: Lavender, peppermint, tea tree, lemon.

Heritage: A paperbark cousin of tea tree, native to New Caledonia and northern Australia.

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Orange (Citrus sinensis)

Scent: Sweet, fresh, fruity, sunny

Note: TopPlant part: PeelOrigin: Brazil

Blends with: Cinnamon, clove, frankincense, ginger.

Heritage: The warm, sweet scent of winter holidays and sunny groves.

Good to know: Photosensitive (cold-pressed) - avoid sun for 12 hours after topical use.
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Oregano Wild (Origanum vulgare)

Scent: Warm, intense, sharp, herbaceous

Note: MiddlePlant part: LeafOrigin: Spain

Blends with: Lemon, rosemary, thyme, lavender.

Heritage: Its name comes from the Greek for 'joy of the mountains' - a wild herb of sunny Mediterranean slopes.

Good to know: A strong skin irritant - dilute heavily and patch test. A drop or two is plenty in a diffuser.
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Patchouli (Pogostemon patchouli)

Scent: Rich, earthy, musky, sweet with warm, woody undertones

Note: BasePlant part: LeafOrigin: Indonesia

Blends with: Bergamot, geranium, rose, sandalwood.

Heritage: In the 1800s, patchouli leaves were packed with fine shawls shipped from India to Europe - its scent became the mark of the genuine article.

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Peppermint (Mentha piperita)

Scent: Fresh, cool, sharp with mentholated, herbaceous undertones

Note: TopPlant part: LeafOrigin: England

Blends with: Eucalyptus, rosemary, lemon, lavender.

Heritage: A cooling classic enjoyed for centuries as a refreshing aroma.

Good to know: Avoid around infants and very young children.
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Pine Needle (Pinus sylvestris)

Scent: Fresh, crisp, forest with clean, woody, balsamic undertones

Note: MiddlePlant part: NeedleOrigin: India

Blends with: Fir, cedarwood, eucalyptus, orange.

Heritage: Scots pine - the fresh, resinous scent of the northern evergreen forest, long tied to winter tradition.

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Ravensara (Ravensara aromatica)

Scent: Fresh, clean, softly camphorous, green, subtly spicy

Note: MiddlePlant part: LeafOrigin: Madagascar

Blends with: Eucalyptus, fir needle, lemon, pine needle.

Heritage: Native to the rainforests of Madagascar, where its name comes from the Malagasy for 'good leaf.'

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Rose (Rosa damascena)

Scent: Rich, honey-sweet, deeply floral with warm, spicy undertones

Note: Middle-basePlant part: Flower petalsOrigin: Eastern EuropePre-diluted in jojoba

Blends with: Frankincense, neroli, sandalwood, geranium.

Heritage: Damask rose - cultivated for centuries from Persia to Bulgaria for one of perfumery's oldest treasures. It takes thousands of petals to make a single ounce of oil.

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Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)

Scent: Fresh, herbaceous, camphoraceous with woody undertones

Note: MiddlePlant part: LeafOrigin: Tunisia

Blends with: Peppermint, lemon, eucalyptus, basil.

Heritage: An 'herb of remembrance' in old European lore - a crisp, garden-fresh Mediterranean staple.

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Sandalwood (Santalum album)

Scent: Deep, creamy, sweet with warm, woody, balsamic undertones

Note: BasePlant part: HeartwoodOrigin: East IndiaPre-diluted in jojoba

Blends with: Frankincense, jasmine, myrrh, rose.

Heritage: Revered for millennia in India, where its fragrant heartwood is carved, burned as incense, and treasured in ritual.

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Spearmint (Mentha spicata)

Scent: Sweet, fresh, softly minty with a rounded, candy-sweet character

Note: TopPlant part: LeafOrigin: India

Blends with: Lime, grapefruit, lavender, basil.

Heritage: A softer, sweeter mint - gentle and familiar, milder than peppermint.

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Tangerine (Citrus reticulata)

Scent: Sweet, soft, gently fruity, cheerful

Note: TopPlant part: PeelOrigin: Brazil

Blends with: Frankincense, lavender, ylang ylang, cinnamon.

Heritage: Named for Tangier, Morocco - the port through which this sweet citrus first reached Europe.

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Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia)

Scent: Fresh, camphoraceous with herbaceous undertones

Note: Top-middlePlant part: LeafOrigin: Australia

Blends with: Eucalyptus, lemon, rosemary, lavender.

Heritage: A prized aromatic of the Bundjalung people of Australia, clean and crisp.

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Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)

Scent: Warm, intense, sharp, herbaceous, fresh-green

Note: MiddlePlant part: Leaves and flowering topsOrigin: Spain

Blends with: Lemon, rosemary, lavender, bergamot.

Heritage: The ancient Greeks burned thyme as temple incense, and in medieval Europe a sprig was a token of courage.

Good to know: A hot oil and skin irritant - dilute well and patch test.
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Thyme Wild (Thymus serpyllum)

Scent: Warm, soft, herbaceous, sweet-green

Note: MiddlePlant part: Flowering tops

Blends with: Lemon, rosemary, lavender, orange.

Heritage: Wild creeping thyme, also called 'mother of thyme' - a fragrant carpet across European heaths and hillsides.

Good to know: Gentler than common thyme, but still a hot oil - dilute well and patch test.
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Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia)

Scent: Warm, sweet, rich, creamy-balsamic vanilla

Note: BasePlant part: Cured podOrigin: MadagascarPre-diluted in coconut oil

Blends with: Orange, cedarwood, cinnamon, coffee.

Heritage: First cultivated by the Totonac people of Mexico; today Madagascar grows much of the world's vanilla.

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Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides)

Scent: Deep, earthy, smoky with rich, woody undertones

Note: BasePlant part: RootOrigin: Indonesia

Blends with: Sandalwood, patchouli, bergamot, lavender.

Heritage: In India, vetiver roots have long been woven into window screens that release a cool, earthy scent when sprinkled with water.

Good to know: Very thick and very potent - a drop or two goes a long way.
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Ylang Ylang (Cananga odorata)

Scent: Intensely sweet, exotically floral with warm, honeyed, tropical undertones

Note: Middle-basePlant part: FlowerOrigin: Madagascar

Blends with: Bergamot, jasmine, sandalwood, lavender.

Heritage: Often translated as 'flower of flowers,' its blossoms are scattered on the beds of newlyweds in Indonesian tradition.

Good to know: Very potent - a little goes a long way.
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Keep exploring

Found one you love? Learn to blend and use it safely in How to Dilute Safely, or start with the basics in Aromatherapy 101.

Traditional and historical uses are shared for cultural and educational interest and are not health claims. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. Wyndmere essential oils are cosmetic aromatic products and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. For external use only.